Study Guide Sheets: Unit 3

Chapter 20, Sections 20.1-20.4
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23

Chapter 20, Sections 20.1-20.4
The Diversity of Life: Viruses and Bacteria

1.    How is a virus like a thief?

2.    What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle for a virus?

3.    What is the difference between a virus and a viroid?

4.    In what two ways does our immune system defend us against viruses?

5.    How does the Salk polio vaccine differ from the Sabin polio vaccine?

6.    Why haven't we found any fossils of viruses?

7.    What are prions?  (Read "Not alive, but deadly..." on pages 410-411.)

8.    How bad was the bubonic plague and in what century did it occur?

9.    About how many species of bacteria live in our mouth?

10.    Humans cannot get nitrogen for their amino acids and nitrogenous bases directly out of the atmosphere.  Where do we get the nitrogen we need?  What is the process done by plant to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a useable form of nitrogen called?

11.    What do decomposers do?  Are they important?

12.    What are the three shapes of bacteria?

13.    Name four characteristics of bacteria.  Are they haploid or diploid?

14.    What is a biofilm and what disease is known to spread through a biofilm?

15.    What is an antibiotic?  What difference between human cells and bacterial cells is important when it comes to the effectiveness of the antibiotic penicillin?

16.    What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?  Which are we?  What two nutritional requirements do all living things have?

17.    Listen in class to discover how to write the name of a bacteria or any living thing. What are four rules for doing this?
 

18.    Why is it hard to culture archaea in the laboratory?

19.    In what ways are archaea different from regular bacteria?

20.    What is an "extremophile?"  At what pH can Ferroplasma acidarmanus grow?  What problems might extremophiles have with their enzymes?

Vocabulary

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Chapter 21
The Animal Kingdom

1.    What characterizes all animals and no other living things?  What three other characteristics are found in all animals but also found in other living things?

2.    What is a tissue?

3.    How do invertebrates differ from vertebrates?  Do more different kinds of animals exist on land or in the ocean?

4.    What is meant by "ontology recapitulates phylogeny"  (not in your text)

5.    In Figure 21.2, what is meant by the ancestral protist?

6.    What types of symmetry are seen in the sponges, jellyfish and humans?

7.    What is meant by "cephalization?"

8.    What are the advantages of having a coelom?  Give an example of an animal that is an acoelomate, another that has a pseudocoel and one that has a coelom.  (See Fig. 21.4)

9.    What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?  Which are we?

Use your textbook to fill in the charts for the Classification Lab.  This will be a good study guide for the next unit exam.

10.    What is an amniotic egg and why is it important? (Page 462)  What class of animals were the first to have it?

12.    What class of chordates is believed by scientists to have descended from the dinosaurs?

13.    Define endothermic and ectothermic and give an example of classes of animals that fall into each group.

14.    What is the difference between marsupials and placental mammals?

Vocabulary

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Chapter 22
An Introduction to Flowering Plants

1.    What are two reasons why the benefits of agriculture may have been felt earlier in the Fertile Crescent area than in the New World?

2.    Why is planting trees one way to combat global warming?

3.    What is an angiosperm?  Give three examples of one.  What are evergreen trees called?

4.    Give two functions of a shoot.  Give two functions of a root.

5.    What is the function of root hairs?

6.    What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?  What are the reactants?  What are the products?

7.    According to your text, how much water does a single tall maple tree absorb per hour on a hot summer day?  Can you see why roots and root hairs would be important?

8.    What is the process called whereby water is absorbed by roots and eventually exits through the stomata in the leaves?

9.    Give two functions of a leaf.

10.    Look carefully at Figure 22.7.  You will be looking at leaves like this under the microscope in the next lab.  The long cells of the mesophyll are called palisade cells and the smaller, more spread out cells are called spongy mesophyll cells.

11.    What three things can enter or leave a leaf through the stomata?  How many stomata may be in a square centimeter of a plant leaf?

12.    What is a vascular bundle and how is it related to your veins and arteries?

13.    Why does a cactus have no leaves?  Or does it?

14.    What structure holds the make and female reproductive parts in an angiosperm?

15.    What are the two parts of the stamen?  What are the three parts of the carpel?  Which of these parts is male and which is female?

Skip section 22.3 from page 480-483.  Then begin reading again on page 484 where it says "Communication: Hormones Affect Many Aspects of Plant Functioning."

16.    Define hormone.  Why do some evergreen trees have the typical "A" shape?  What is that phenomenon called?

17.    If a boy hammers a nail partially into a tree trunk when he is 10 years old, then returns to look for the nail when he is 20, where will the nail be in terms of height off the ground and will it be sticking out as far by then?

18.    Define the following terms:  phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism.

19.    What is a deciduous tree and what part of them undergoes abscission?

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Chapter 23
Form and Function in Flowering Plants

1.    What is the difference between the words annual, biennial and perennial?

2.    What is a cotyledon?  List three differences between monocots and dicots.  Do monocots or dicots have the most know species on Earth?
 

3.    There are three basic types of plant cells: parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma.  Which of these are dead at maturity and provide the strength needed to bear the weight of a tall tree?  Which one can be transformed into all the other types of cells?

4.    Give a short definition of the following plant tissues:
        dermal:

        ground:

        vascular:

        meristematic:

5.    Which plants have secondary growth:  herbaceous or woody plants?

6.    What is transported by xylem?  By phloem?

7.    The cells of the apical meristem are like stem cells.  What does that mean?

8.    Why are lateral buds a sort of insurance policy for a plant?

9.    What protects the root apical meristem tissue from being injured as the roots grow?

10.    How is it that grass continues to grow after being mowed?

11.    What two tissues does the vascular cambium produce?  Which is grows towards the outside and which grows towards the inside from the vascular cambium?   Which is wood?
 

12.    Give two things you can tell about the life of a tree by looking at its rings.

13.    What is the function of the cork cambium?  What is the bark?

14.    Review how water and sugar is transported in a plant on pages 509-512.  Which is translocation and which is transpiration?

15.    Know the parts of a flower.  What is pollen?  What is an ovule?  How does the sperm fertilize the egg?  What does the zygote become?  Do plants go through a "development process" like animals do?

16.    What is a fruit and what is its function?

17.    What generally triggers seed germination?

Vocabulary

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